By the end of this lesson, I can…
- Retrieve form and meaning across all topics.
- Use the result to select a source lesson for revision.
Put it into practice
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Simple explanation
Coverage and revision
The final exam draws one structural or meaning question from each of 16 core lessons; practice draws a six-question sample. Each source has one structural and one meaning variant per mode. Exam results and keys appear after every answer has been submitted. Mastery requires 80%; this reviews the grammar path and does not award an official language certificate.
Score and history
A submitted answer is final for this attempt. Passing this review does not automatically mark other lessons read or mastered. Source-lesson links appear after completion to guide revision. Self-assessment writing is not part of the automated score.
Patterns and decisions in context
| Decision point | Target-language model |
|---|---|
| Grammar Variation in English: Standard, Spoken, British and American Usage | I've just spoken to Daniel, and he agrees with us. |
| Register-Shifting in Advanced English | Can you give me a hand with this report? |
| Idiomatic Grammar Patterns in Advanced English | It's high time we reconsidered the assumptions behind the policy. |
| Advanced Tense and Aspect Nuance in English | I read the report last night, but I haven't responded to it yet. |
| Complex Counterfactuality and Alternative Worlds in English | If I had accepted the fellowship, I would be working in Singapore now. |
| Advanced Modality: Probability, Obligation and Distancing | The decline may simply reflect a temporary change in consumer behaviour. |
| Literary Narrative Grammar and Advanced Style | By the time Mara reached the station, the last train had already disappeared into the darkness. |
| Marked Word Order for Emphasis and Stylistic Effect | Never have I seen such a dramatic change in such a short period. |
| Information Structure in English: Theme, Rheme, Focus and Information Placement | The first experiment produced inconsistent results. These results were later traced to a calibration error. |
| Advanced Ellipsis in English: High-Level Omission in Speech and Writing | I haven't submitted the report yet, but Clara has. |
| Syntactic Ambiguity in English and How to Resolve It | I saw the man with the telescope. |
| Compressed Academic Grammar in Advanced English | The rapid expansion of large-scale multimodal datasets has created new evaluation challenges. |
| Rhetorical Grammar: Choosing Grammar for Persuasion and Tone | The evidence may suggest that the current strategy is no longer sustainable. |
| Parallelism and Syntactic Balance in Advanced English | The committee sought to reduce administrative costs, improve transparency, and strengthen public trust. |
| Cohesion and Coherence in Long, Multi-Source Texts | Several studies associate remote work with greater employee autonomy. This increased control over working conditions may partly explain the higher job satisfaction reported in distributed teams. |
| Editing English for Precision, Concision, and Clarity | We interviewed some, but not all, participants. |
Grammar formula
Recent event with the perfect
subject + have/has + past participleI've just sent it.
Professional request
Could you + base verb ...?Could you review the report?
Overdue necessity
It's high time + subject + past formIt's high time we reconsidered the policy.
Narrative foreground
subject + past simpleShe entered, sat down and opened her notes.
Past counterfactual
if + past perfect, would/could/might have + past participleIf we had left earlier, we might have avoided the storm.
Possibility
subject + may/might/could + base verbThe decline may reflect a temporary change.
Anteriority to a past point
past reference point + had + past participleBefore Mara arrived, the train had left.
Fronted object
object + subject + verbThis proposal I cannot support.
It-cleft
It + be + focus + that/who + clauseIt was Mara who found the error.
Verb-phrase ellipsis with an auxiliary
subject + auxiliary + ØI haven't finished, but Nina has.
Prepositional-phrase attachment ambiguity
verb + object noun phrase + prepositional phraseI saw the man with the telescope.
Nominalisation
evaluate → evaluation + of-complementThe evaluation of the model required new criteria.
Parallel verbs
to + base verb, base verb and base verbWe aim to collect, compare and interpret the data.
Given-to-new flow
given concept → clear reference → new contributionThe study identified two limits. These limits affect generalisation.
Rewrite with a direct verb
carry out an evaluation → evaluateThe researchers evaluated the model.
Core rules
- 1
Coverage and revision
The final exam draws one structural or meaning question from each of 16 core lessons; practice draws a six-question sample. Each source has one structural and one meaning variant per mode. Exam results and keys appear after every answer has been submitted. Mastery requires 80%; this reviews the grammar path and does not award an official language certificate.
- 2
Score and history
A submitted answer is final for this attempt. Passing this review does not automatically mark other lessons read or mastered. Source-lesson links appear after completion to guide revision. Self-assessment writing is not part of the automated score.
Useful examples
I've just spoken to Daniel, and he agrees with us.
Can you give me a hand with this report?
It's high time we reconsidered the assumptions behind the policy.
I read the report last night, but I haven't responded to it yet.
If I had accepted the fellowship, I would be working in Singapore now.
The decline may simply reflect a temporary change in consumer behaviour.
By the time Mara reached the station, the last train had already disappeared into the darkness.
Never have I seen such a dramatic change in such a short period.
The first experiment produced inconsistent results. These results were later traced to a calibration error.
I haven't submitted the report yet, but Clara has.
I saw the man with the telescope.
The rapid expansion of large-scale multimodal datasets has created new evaluation challenges.
The evidence may suggest that the current strategy is no longer sustainable.
The committee sought to reduce administrative costs, improve transparency, and strengthen public trust.
Several studies associate remote work with greater employee autonomy. This increased control over working conditions may partly explain the higher job satisfaction reported in distributed teams.
We interviewed some, but not all, participants.
Common mistakes
- ❌ We've got two spare rooms, hasn't we? ✅ We've got two spare rooms, haven't we? In this possession pattern, positive have is the auxiliary. The negative tag retains that auxiliary and the matching pronoun. We, they and you take have rather than has.
- Form a past counterfactual conditional in light of the stated facts. ❌ They did not act in time. If they has acted sooner, the damage might have been contained. ✅ They did not act in time. If they had acted sooner, the damage might have been contained. To imagine a different past, use past perfect in the condition. A hypothetical past result is commonly expressed with would, could, or might + have + past participle: “If they had acted sooner, the damage might have been contained.”
- ❌ It was the second dataset what exposed the weakness. ✅ It was the second dataset that exposed the weakness. It-clefts and wh-clefts are effective when one part of the message must be clearly distinguished from alternatives.
- ❌ These preliminary findings may suggests an association. ✅ These preliminary findings may suggest an association. After would, may, might or could, the main verb takes its base form. The modal and context carry the relevant grammatical meaning; do not add -s or -ing to that main verb.
Learning tips
- The final exam draws one structural or meaning question from each of 16 core lessons; practice draws a six-question sample. Each source has one structural and one meaning variant per mode. Exam results and keys appear after every answer has been submitted. Mastery requires 80%; this reviews the grammar path and does not award an official language certificate.
Produce and revise deliberately
Write a short target-language text for the situation below, then revise two sentences for an explicit purpose. The model illustrates choices; you need not copy its facts. Explain how each revision changes meaning or communicative effect. This is self-assessment: free writing is not automatically graded, and the test score is separate.
- Choose a real or imagined situation involving “English C2 grammar: final review”.
- Use two table patterns while preserving agent, time and claim scope.
- Revise for a different reader and explain what remained constant.
Show the model
I've just spoken to Daniel, and he agrees with us. Can you give me a hand with this report? It's high time we reconsidered the assumptions behind the policy. I read the report last night, but I haven't responded to it yet.
Check your own work
- Referents and roles are clear.
- Time, modality and negative scope fit the intended meaning.
- I can justify the construction and each revision.
Related grammar
Frequently asked questions
Does this review award an official certificate?
The final exam draws one structural or meaning question from each of 16 core lessons; practice draws a six-question sample. Each source has one structural and one meaning variant per mode. Exam results and keys appear after every answer has been submitted. Mastery requires 80%; this reviews the grammar path and does not award an official language certificate.
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